If you’ve been diagnosed with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), you’re likely wondering what your future holds. It can be scary and overwhelming to hear your cancer has returned or isn’t responding to treatment, but you and your oncologist will work together to determine your next steps forward. More treatment options are available now than ever before.

This article will cover how RRMM affects your life expectancy and what other factors may play a role. We’ll also cover what you can do to potentially improve your prognosis, or outlook, and stay as healthy as possible living with RRMM.

Thanks! You've successfully submitted your vote.

Sign up to view the results!

Continue with Facebook

Continue with Google

Continue with your email

By joining, you accept our Terms of Use, and acknowledge our collection, sharing, and use of your data in accordance with our Health Data and Privacy policies.

Already a Member? Log in

What Is Relapsed/Refractory Myeloma?

Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that affects white blood cells. Specifically, it causes plasma cells — the cells responsible for making immune system proteins known as antibodies — to grow out of control. Plasma cells grow in the bone marrow (spongy tissue in bones). When plasma cells grow too fast, they stop the bone marrow from making new, healthy blood cells.

Once you’re diagnosed with myeloma, your oncologist will create a treatment plan for you. Most treatment plans involve a combination of:

• Chemotherapy
• Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs)
• Proteasome inhibitors
• Corticosteroids

One example of this treatment regimen includes bortezomib (Boruzu, Velcade), lenalidomide (Revlimid), and dexamethasone. Your oncologist may substitute thalidomide (Thalomid) for lenalidomide. The goal of combination treatment is to kill off as many myeloma cells as possible.

In one study of nearly 13,000 people with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, half were still alive 32.4 months after beginning their second round of treatment.

Over 90 percent of people respond well to their first round of myeloma treatment. On average, people are disease-free (in remission) for about four years after their first treatment. Many people take maintenance therapy during this period to stay in remission as long as possible. Eventually, most people relapse and see their myeloma return. However, one study found that 16 percent of people developed relapsed myeloma within one year of starting treatment. If the disease returns, new therapies are considered.

Refractory myeloma is the term for cancer that doesn’t respond to treatment or starts progressing within two months of your last treatment. Your oncologist will have you try different treatment options to find what works best for your cancer. If you respond initially to one treatment and then your myeloma returns and is resistant to other treatments, you’ll be diagnosed with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

What Does Research Show About Life Expectancy With RRMM?

When talking about life expectancy with a certain type of cancer, doctors and researchers use the term median overall survival. If researchers were studying a group of people with cancer who were diagnosed at the same time (or started a certain treatment at the same time), median overall survival would be the length of time after which half of the people are still alive. Noting this time can help researchers better understand which treatments are helpful.

Many studies have reported different life expectancies and survival rates for people with RRMM. One study of nearly 13,000 people found that the median overall survival after starting the second round of treatment was 32.4 months. This means that half the people in the study lived longer than 32.4 months.

Recent advances in treatment have helped people with RRMM live longer than before. In one study, combining bortezomib and lenalidomide with dexamethasone added 1.7 years of life expectancy for those with RRMM, compared with those who didn’t have access to these treatments. The same study showed that newer treatments like the monoclonal antibody drugs daratumumab (Darzalex) and elotuzumab (Empliciti) increased life expectancy by 2.5 years.

People whose multiple myeloma relapses early — within one year of starting initial treatment — generally have a worse outlook than those whose cancer relapses later.

Isatuximab (Sarclisa), another approved monoclonal antibody for relapsed multiple myeloma, is often used in combination with other therapies.

What Affects Life Expectancy and Prognosis With RRMM?

Several factors can affect life expectancy with RRMM — some are within your control, and others aren’t. Here, we’ll discuss how the different characteristics of myeloma, along with your age and overall health, play a role in your prognosis.

Time Until Relapse

Researchers have found that the time it takes for cancer to return after treatment affects prognosis. The sooner myeloma relapses after treatment, the worse your outlook is. On the other hand, the longer it takes for myeloma to return, the better your outlook is.

One study of 511 people with myeloma found that those whose myeloma returned within one year of starting treatment (early relapse) had a median overall survival of 21 months — half the people with early relapsed myeloma lived for more than 21 months.

On the other hand, people whose cancer returned more than one year after treatment or those who were still responding to treatment (known as late relapse) didn’t reach a median overall survival after 10 years. This means that more than half of people in the study with late relapse were still alive after 10 years.

Cytogenetic Testing Results

The specific gene changes in your myeloma cells play a role in your life expectancy and outlook. Known as high-risk cytogenetic features, these changes affect how well your RRMM responds to certain therapies.

A few studies have found that people with RRMM and these high-risk features tend to have shorter median overall survival. This is because certain mutations (changes) make cancer more resistant to treatment. Your oncologist may test for these features and use them to create your treatment plan.

Age and Underlying Health Conditions

Myeloma is a cancer that tends to affect older adults — the average age at diagnosis is 70 years. Researchers have looked at how age and the greater likelihood of having underlying health conditions can affect RRMM prognosis. Studies have found that people who are older and have more health conditions tend to have a worse myeloma treatment outlook.

Race, Ethnicity, and Life Expectancy

Race and ethnicity can also be factors that affect prognosis. Although survival has improved for people with multiple myeloma overall, survival rates for Black people with myeloma in the United States have not improved as much as survival rates for white people. Researchers have found that this is likely due to less access to treatment. Black and Hispanic people are less likely to have bone marrow transplants than white people. Compared with white and Asian people, they’re also extremely underrepresented in clinical trials studying new treatments for multiple myeloma.

When everyone has equal access to care, Black and Hispanic people have similar or better survival rates than white people. To make sure you get access to the most effective treatment options for you, stay engaged with your healthcare team. Don’t hesitate to ask questions, and make sure your oncology team understands your goals for treatment.

Improving Your Outlook With RRMM

While some factors are out of your control, you can take steps to improve your quality of life and outlook living with RRMM. Be sure to stick closely to your cancer treatment plan. Your oncologist will go over the best treatment options for you, depending on your overall health, previous treatments, and test results.

Newer treatment options are adding months or years to life expectancy for many people with RRMM.

Treatment options for RRMM include:

• Immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy using such options as idecabtagene vicleucel (Abecma) and ciltacabtagene autoleucel (Carvykti)
• Proteasome inhibitors like bortezomib, carfilzomib (Kyprolis), and ixazomib (Ninlaro)
• IMiDs like pomalidomide (Pomalyst)
• Bispecific T-cell engagers like teclistamab-cqyv (Tecvayli), which was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2022, and talquetamab (Talvey, approved in 2023)
• Elranatamab-bcmm (Elrexfio), a bispecific antibody approved in 2023, and linvoseltamab-gcpt (Lynozyfic, approved in 2025)
• Monoclonal antibodies like daratumumab

It’s important to take care of your body while living with RRMM and going through cancer treatments. Studies have found that people with myeloma tend to have a lower health-related quality of life compared to people with most other types of cancer. Many people get tired easily, have trouble breathing, or experience chronic pain, which can make it hard to be active. Talk to your oncologist about whether adding light exercise to your routine would be helpful for you. They can make recommendations for activities that are best for your overall health.

Read more details about treatment options for RRMM.

Join the Conversation

On MyMyelomaTeam, people share their experiences with multiple myeloma, get advice, and find support from others who understand.

Do you still have questions about multiple myeloma relapse and life expectancy? Let others know in the comments below.